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如何写记叙文 【写作指导】 记叙文(Narration)是以记叙人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它是写作训练中最普遍、最基本的一种。一般说来,它大致分为三类: 一是以记人为主的记叙文,即以人物为中心组织材料,围绕这个人物可以写一件事,也可写几件事; 二是以写事为主的记叙文,即以事件为中心组织材料,围绕中心事件可以写一个人,也可以写几个人; 三是以写景状物为主的记叙文。 但应注意的是,在一篇记叙文中,写人、写景、写事往往是交织在一起的,不能截然分开,但各有侧重。 【基本要求】 1. 交代清楚人物(who/whom)、时间(when)、地点(where)、事由(what)。 2. 按故事或事件发生的时间先后依次叙述。 3. 主题鲜明,内容清楚。 文章中的故事应有头有尾,要写出事情的发生、发展、变化及结束的过程。确切地说,在记叙时要把与一件事物有关的时间、地点、人物、原因等因素交代清楚,才能给人一种完整的认识和印象。 4. 层次分明,有条有理。 记叙时,要有开头,正文及结尾。有时涉及几个人或几件事,一件事往往牵涉到相关的次要事情;有时一件大事中还包括小事,这就要对记叙的事情做出分析,分清主线和副线,围绕主线安排副线。 5. 详略得当,主次适宜。 记叙事情时,要注意主题鲜明突出,清楚具体,内容感人深刻。写人时,要抓住典型事例、典型行动和表现。对中心事件和最能表现中心思想的地方,要详细叙述;次要的东西,就少写或不写。 【注意事项】 1. 仔细审题,确定主题。文章的目的、内容、结构层次以及语言的运用,都要围绕主题进行。 2. 根据情景提示和主题,安排文章的结构层次,用每段的首句即主题句来指明段落的中心思想。安排好关键的主题句,就会使中心更加突出,眉目清楚。 3. 要进行审题,根据内容需要,确定好句子的种类、句型结构和习惯表达。这样可以避免中国式的英语,提高语言的正确性。初写时,多模仿句型写简单句,循序渐进,逐步深化。 4.句子时态要在上下文中有相关性、连续性;要与表达内容一致。 5.写作前最好有个简明扼要的提纲,使自己的写作有章可循。审题后要先写出草稿,经过修改之后,再正式成文。 【佳作欣赏】 例1.记人 马克·吐温是美国著名作家。请根据下面提供的内容写一篇人物简介。 词数:100左右。 马克·吐温(1835-1910)生于美国Missouri。他是美国19世纪著名的作家之一。他的家乡位于密西西比河畔。成年后,他曾在密西西比河的船上当水手。马克·吐温是他的笔名。 他写过很多小说,其中最著名的是《汤姆索耶历险记》。他的作品被译成多国文字,深受全世界读者喜爱。 范文: Mark Twain(1835-1910), one of the best known American writers in the nineteenth century, was born in Missouri in the middle part of the United States. Mark Twain’s hometown lay on the banks of the Mississippi River, where he spent his childhood.When he grew up he worked as a sailor on a riverboat for some time. Mark Twain was his pen name. Mark Twain wrote a lot of novels, one of which is The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, the masterpiece which brought him fame and honor. Some of his writings have been translated into many languages. He and his works are deeply loved by readers throughout the world. 点评: (1) 本文为人物简介,共分三段,层层深入地把马克·吐温一生的重大事情表达得清清楚楚。文章的时态主要用过去时,最后两句与现在有关,因此用了现在完成时和一般现在时。 (2)文章简洁明了,第一句以一个带有同位语的句子代替两个简单句,使句子简练。第二、三段的第一句中分别用了定语从句,使句子缩短,避免冗长。 例2.记事 假如你参加了一次植树活动,请根据以下内容写一篇短文。要求包括:时间、天气、参加者(你的老师、同学们)、植树地点及棵数、劳动场面及表现突出的人物、感想。 注意使用以下词语:go all out 鼓足干劲;be afraid of falling behind 害怕落后;set an example to sb树立榜样;in spite of 尽管;ahead of time 提前。 词数:120左右。 范文: Planting Trees It was fine on April 8, 2003. That day all the students in our class went to the suburb of our city to plant trees. On arriving at the planting place at 8 o’clock, the teacher asked each of us to plant 5 trees at least. Then we set about digging, planting and watering. All of us were going all out to finish our task, afraid of falling behind. Among us, our monitor set a good example to us. In spite of his illness, he accepted his task and finished it ahead of time. Then he went on to help others without a little rest. After work, he was wet all over. He looked pale, but he was full of joy. Looking at the lines of the young trees, we smiled pleasantly, forgetting our tiredness. 点评: (1) 文章记叙了2003年4月8日种树的情况,因此全文用过去时。第一段交代清楚这次活动的时间、地点和参加的人员。第二段按提示的要求叙述植树的过程。 (2) 用短语“On arriving at…”,来表示时间,比用时间状语从句“As soon as we arrived at…”要简练得多。 (3) 用 In spite of his illness, without a little rest 替代从句或简单句,使句子更加生动。 例3.写景 根据下列内容提示,以“Gulangyu — a Fairyland in the World”为题,写一篇短文,描绘鼓浪屿的美景。 ① 鼓浪屿是厦门市的一个小岛,海水把它与市区分开。整个小岛像一座水上花园,人称“人间仙境”。 ② 这里不允许车辆行驶,岛上十分安静,到处能听到弹奏钢琴、拉提琴的声音。 ③ “日光岩”是岛上的最高处,在这里可以一览厦门和其他岛屿的美景。 ④ 这里天水相连,天气晴朗时可用望远镜清晰地看见金门岛。 ⑤ “日光岩”脚下是一座风景如画的花园,44孔桥像一条白色巨龙横跨海面,非常美! 参考词汇:①风景 (画) landscape ②仙境 fairyland ③横跨 span 范文: Gulangyu—a Fairyland in theWorld Gulangyu is an island separated from Xiamen city. It’s like a garden on the water. The shade of the trees covers nearly whole island. Cars, buses, bikes are not allowed to drive there.Everyone should walk. This makes the place very quiet so that music played by the piano or the violin can be heard here and there. The Sunshine Rock is the highest place on the island, so it has become the symbol of Gulangyu.Standing at the top of the Sunshine Rock, one can see the landscape of the whole Xiamen and other small islands. The sky and the sea meet on the horizon. It’s said that people can see clearly the Jinmen Island through telescope when the sun is shining. At the foot of the Sunshine Rock is a beautiful garden. The Forty-four Bridge spans over the water like a white dragon. What a beautiful picture! Such is Gulangyu, a fairyland in the world. 点评: 本文采用先总后
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